Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishme

Significance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment investigates the perilous impacts of St. Petersburg, a threatening city, on the mind of the devastated understudy Raskolnikov. In this novel, Petersburg is something other than a scenery. The city assumes a focal job in the advancement of the characters and the moves that they make. Raskolnikov makes due in one of the confined, dull spaces that are normal for Petersburg. These spaces resemble final resting places; they choke out Raskolnikov's psyche. St. Petersburg makes a peculiar situation where Raskolnikov can make the Overman Theory, yet he can likewise complete it by killing a pawnbroker without hesitating, at that point legitimize his activities with the conviction that society will be in an ideal situation without her. Raskolnikov finds no help outside of his confined room; the Petersburg atmosphere is similarly as abusive to the mind as the confined space of Raskolnikov’s room. Not exclusively is the outside air hazardous; it c ompels him to discover alleviation in the devil’s bar. While meandering the fiendish lanes of St. Petersburg, Raskolnikov enters the devil’s domain as Petersburg bars. These are shrewd spots, where slippery thoughts of burglary and murder flow. Raskolnikov catches the curved plan to murder the pawnbroker inside one of these plagued bars. The threatening idea of the spaces in Petersburg permits Raskolnikov to grasp the Overman Theory and the Arithmetic of Morality. Raskolnikov legitimizes slaughtering the pawnbroker since he presumes that it is sane, just, and unadulterated math. One individual must kick the bucket with the goal that the lives of various others might be spared. The Arithmetic of Morality seems intelligent to Raskolniko... ...unrest. For Marmeladov, this prompts his implosion as a heavy drinker, tossing his life and the life of his family away in bars; for Raskolnikov it makes him murder two vulnerable ladies, planning to take cash that can be utilized to help other people. Both these men intend no damage by their activities, however their confined, disconnected condition molds them into peculiar characters who appear to act not of their own will, yet as if got through life by the powers of St. Petersburg. Works Cited Bely, Andrei. Petersburg. Trans. Robert A. Maguire and John E. Malmstad. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978.  Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Wrongdoing and Punishment. New York: Penguin Signet Classic, 1968.  Gogol, Nikolai. The Overcoat. The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. 394-435.

Athics and governemance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Athics and governemance - Essay Example We have numerous models in the business and corporate reality where associations that have not acted ethically and that had lead to their defeat, the greatest and the latest model that strikes a chord is that of Enron where budgetary information was controlled to the upside of those maintaining the business and that lead to the ruin of the multi-billion dollar organization, there are numerous exercises to be gained from Enron, it doesn't make a difference how large or how little an organization is, it should act in an ethically right way without stressing over the results and it ought to do so in light of the fact that it is the best activity more than everything else. There is no space for organizations in today’s day and age that are ethically off the compass on the grounds that the measure of data that can be shared today, the mediums that it very well may be shared by and the speed at which it tends to be shared at have all massively expanded because of advances in innovat ion. Organizations that works in a way that is ethically right since it is the correct activity would likewise produce a great deal of business as a result of this code of morals, since clients don't prefer to be cheated upon, they would prefer to purchase from an organization which sells at a more significant expense however is making the best decision instead of from an organization which costs its merchandise lower yet that is because of ethically degenerate reasons and client unwaveringness is essential to organizations nowadays since rehash buys is the thing that each business intends to do accomplish. In spite of the fact that recurrent buys would be picked up from this ethical disposition this ought not be point of the organizations under the Kantian methodology, organizations ought to be ethically right in their dealings since it is the best activity and not on the grounds that it would empower them to accomplish rehash buys, it ought to be just viewed as a result of this wa y to deal with morals. This methodology is extremely right hypothetically yet it is human instinct to discover

FAQ Waitlist

FAQ Waitlist Every year we publish a FAQ about the waitlist. Students on the waitlist have lots of questions, so hopefully you find an answer to yours here. How does the waitlist work? We are aiming for a class of about 1050 students this year. Based on our estimates of the percentage of admitted students who will attend (known as the yield), we admitted 1419 students. However, it isnt possible to exactly predict how many students will attend this year. To help with the uncertainties, we also keep a waitlist of students. Is the waitlist ranked? No. How many people are on the waitlist? We offered approximately 3% of applicants a spot on the waitlist. Not all of those students will choose to remain on the waitlist. Can you tell me where I am on the waitlist? No, because its not ranked. We will reconsider all of the waitlisted students again in May, when we know how many students remain on the waitlist, and how many we wish to take from the waitlist. How many people will you admit from the waitlist this year? It is impossible to know. We will have no idea how many people, if any, we will take from the waitlist until the first or second week of May. What has the waitlist looked like, historically? In the last five years, we have admitted as few as 0 students from the waitlist and as many as 78 students. However, its impossible to know what will happen this year, since we dont yet know what the exact yield will be this year. Can you tell me where my application was lacking, or what I should improve on? If we waitlisted you, it means we really like you, and you do not need to improve on your application. You should, however, continue to get good grades, as we may call your school to check on your academic progress. What are the realities here? True story: its likely that most people on the waitlist will not be admitted. But remember, any statistic against you (or for you) is associative but not causal. This means, what has happened in the past or on any other application doesnt impact your application. Whom do you admit from the waitlist? For example, if someone from state X or major Y declines, are you likely to look for another student like them? Sometimes we look at things like that but were not strict about it. So, if a foosball champion decides to go somewhere else, we may, or may not, go out of our way to try to find another foosball player on the waitlist. It just depends on what the list looks like. Are domestic students given priority over international students on the waitlist? No, but we do consider whether admitting international students from the waitlist would put us over our international quota. If Im waitlisted, can I still come for CPW or do the Overnight Program? No, Im sorry. Im still very interested in attending MIT. What should I do if I hope to be admitted from the waitlist? A waitlist confirmation form will be available online in early April. After youve heard back from all the colleges youve applied to, please use the form to let us know whether you wish to remain on the waitlist or not. Once its live, well email you to let you know. The deadline to complete the form is April 25, 2014. Next, be sure to enroll in a college/university by May 1. You do not need to submit additional documents, but if you would like to, you can email mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu and the documents will be added to your application. Excessively emailing us will not help your case (and might hurt it). I would recommend sending us a note (no more than a page in length) to mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu in mid-late April with an update on what youve been up to since our last contact. You can also feel free to provide any other information you think would be helpful. What should I not do? Here are some things you should not do: Fly to campus to make the case in person. Send us ridiculous items or bribes. Submit a whole new application. Bombard our office with way too much stuff. Be pushy. Be sketchy. Let your grades drop. Not choose another college to attend by May 1. What should I do about the May 1 reply date for other colleges? You should accept the offer of admission from another college before May 1, even if it means making a deposit. After May 1, when all students have sent their replies, colleges will determine if they need to go to their waitlist or not, and if so, how many students they need to admit. At this point, colleges will begin admitting students from the waitlist. Students who accept this offer will unenroll at the first college and enroll at the second. This shifting can lead to a second round of waitlist admissions. All of this is a standard part of the admissions process. We colleges recognize and accept this. If Im admitted off of the waitlist, do I have to go to MIT? What about financial aid? Youre not required to enroll. Well give you a financial aid package and youll have time to consider your decision before letting us know one way or the other. It is in your best interest to complete your financial aid application now (if you havent already), so that if you are admitted from the waitlist, well have a financial aid package ready to go. Our waitlist process, like our entire admissions process, is need blind, and we will meet full demonstrated need for all admitted students. Okay, what should I do now? First, focus on choosing the best fit college of those who have offered you admission. Waitlists are uncertain, so it is always best to ensure your happiness no matter what the outcome. If you are still interested in MIT, you should stay in contact with us. Drop us a note to mitwl [at] mit [dot] eduonce things have calmed down a bit. Please always be very nice in all of your interactions with us! Keep us up to date all the way through May 1 and beyond if you remain interested. And in the meantime be patient. There wont be any waitlist news until early-mid May. ?Good luck! FAQ Waitlist I know that students on the waitlist have lots of questions; hopefully this post will be helpful. How does the waitlist work? We are aiming for a class of about 1130 students this year. Based on our estimates of the percentage of admitted students who will attend (known as the yield), we admitted 1548 students. However, it isnt possible to exactly predict how many students will attend this year. To help with the uncertainties, we also keep a waitlist of students. Is the waitlist ranked? No. How many people are on the waitlist? We offered fewer than 4% of applicants a spot on the waitlist. Not all of those students will choose to remain on the waitlist. Can you tell me where I am on the waitlist? No, because its not ranked. We will reconsider all of the waitlisted students again in May, when we know how many students remain on the waitlist, and how many we wish to take from the waitlist. How many people will you admit from the waitlist this year? It is impossible to know. We will have no idea how many people, if any, we will take from the waitlist until the first or second week of May. What has the waitlist looked like, historically? Last year we admitted 0 students from the waitlist. The year before that, we admitted 27 students from the waitlist, and the year before that we admitted 65 students. Please dont try to draw a trend line from 3 points its impossible to know what the yield will be this year. Can you tell me where my application was lacking, or what I should improve on? If we waitlisted you, it means we really like you, and you do not need to improve on your application. You should, however, continue to get good grades, as we may call your school to check on your academic progress. What are the realities here? True story: its likely that most people on the waitlist will not be admitted. But remember, any statistic against you (or for you) is associative but not causal. This means, what has happened in the past or on any other application doesnt impact your application. Who do you admit from the waitlist? For example, if someone from state X or major Y declines, are you likely to look for another student like them? Sometimes we look at things like that but were not strict about it. So, if a foosball champion decides to go somewhere else, we may, or may not, go out of our way to try to find another foosball player on the waitlist. It just depends on what the list looks like. Are domestic students given priority over international students on the waitlist? No, but we do consider whether admitting international students from the waitlist would put us over our international quota. If Im waitlisted, can I still come for CPW or do the Overnight Program? No, Im sorry. Im still very interested in attending MIT. What should I do if I hope to be admitted from the waitlist? First: there is a link to the waitlist confirmation page in your decision letter. You should complete this form when you determine if you would like to remain on the waitlist. We encourage students on the waitlist to complete the waitlist reply form once you know all of your college choices. The deadline to complete the form is April 18, 2013. Next, be sure to enroll in a college/university by May 1. You do not need to submit additional documents, but if you would like to, you can email [emailprotected] and the documents will be added to your application. Excessively emailing us will not help your case (and might hurt it). I would recommend sending us a note (no more than a page in length) to this email address in mid-late April with an update on what youve been up to since our last contact. You can also feel free to provide any other information you think would be helpful. What should I not do? Here are some things you should not do: Fly to campus to make the case in person. Send us ridiculous items or bribes. Submit a whole new application. Bombard our office with way too much stuff. Be pushy. Be sketchy. Let your grades drop. Not choose another college to attend by May 1. What should I do about the May 1 reply date for other colleges? You should accept the offer of admission from another college before May 1, even if it means making a deposit. After May 1, when all students have sent their replies, colleges will determine if they need to go to their waitlist or not, and if so, how many students they need to admit. At this point, colleges will begin admitting students from the waitlist. Students who accept this offer will unenroll at the first college and enroll at the second. This shifting can lead to a second round of waitlist admissions. All of this is a standard part of the admissions process. We colleges recognize and accept this. If Im admitted off of the waitlist, do I have to go to MIT? What about financial aid? Youre not required to enroll. Well give you a financial aid package and youll have time to consider your decision before letting us know one way or the other. It is in your best interest to complete your financial aid application now (if you havent already), so that if you are admitted from the waitlist, well have a financial aid package ready to go. Our waitlist process, like our entire admissions process, is need blind, and we will meet full demonstrated need for all admitted students. Okay, what should I do now? First, focus on choosing the best fit college of those who have offered you admission. Waitlists are uncertain, so it is always best to ensure your happiness no matter what the outcome. If you are still interested in MIT, you should stay in contact with us. Drop us a note to the waitlist email address once things have calmed down a bit. Please always be very nice in all of your interactions with us! Keep us up to date all the way through May 1 and beyond if you remain interested. And in the meantime be patient. There wont be any waitlist news until early-mid May. Good luck!

pros and cons of online shopping - 1770 Words

Evaluating Arguments in Article Analysis Article 1 : Benefits Of Shopping Online Question 1 The issue that is being discussed is about the benefits of online shopping . The article is written on 7th February 2009 by Mansi Citranshi . Today , the world is already at the tip of our fingers . We can do so many things by using internet .Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where buyers can directly buy goods or services from a seller over the internet service . We can choose a variety of goods from all over the world and evokes the physical analogy of buying products from a bricks-and-mortar store . The author is trying to emphasize the bright side of doing online shopping nowadays . She states that in this recessionary phase ,†¦show more content†¦The more we shop with that website , the more coupon codes can be collected and get more discounts . Interesting , right ? I really enjoy reading this article . It makes me more confident to shop online and turns down all my negative thoughts about online shopping . Article 2 : What’s Wrong With Online Shopping Question 1 The issue that is being discussed is about the disadvantages of online shopping . The article is written on 4th May 2010 by Brad Tuttle . Even though nowadays almost everything can be done by using Internet , we still need to be aware with the bad sides of it . There are so many things that we do not know happening behind the scene . We only know that internet can make our life simpler . The author is telling us the disadvantages of online shopping . Behind the convenience , there are many problems arising because of it . There are price inconsistency , coupons game and lots more . Thus , we need to think twice before make an order from online store . Question 2 The article’s intended audience is for those teenagers and adults who are crazy over online shopping . This is so worrying since some of them have even become addicted into it . They feel like their day will not be complete if they do not scrolling over the shopping website or purchasing something from them . In addition of that , they do not realize that actually their debt or credit card usage isShow MoreRelatedShopping : The Pros And Cons Of Online Shopping724 Words   |  3 PagesAs the fast growth of technology, people prefer online shopping more than shopping in the physical store. A lot of surveys show us there’s a great increase in online shopping. For people to choose to shop online, pros should be more valuable than cons in their beliefs. The most attractive advantages of online shopping include: Purchase with almost anytime; receive a lot of information at the same time; without the expense of renting the physical store and hiring employees, the price mayRead MorePros And Cons Of Online Shopping Vs. Traditional Shopping866 Words   |  4 Pages Shopping is when a person referred to as a customer, browses through a selection of goods and or services with the intent to purchase an option that best suits them. Shopping is one of the most common habits of today’s society and is done both for leisure and economical purposes. Traditionally, one would do their shopping at a store, but with all the technological advancements that we’ve had over the years, our manners have been shifting toward the use of the Internet as more consumers turnRead MoreWhy Are Ebates Is A Reward Program?1247 Words   |  5 Pagesand over the course of a year can add up to a hefty sum. Shopping Ebates. Ebates is a reward program that will return a percentage of your total online shopping bill to you if you enter the store s online site through an Ebates link. Pros: Ebates is a reputable company that actually sends you checks for your shopping experience. There is a plethora of stores to choose from, including almost every large chain in America including online giants like eBay and Amazon. The cash back rewards typicallyRead MoreHome plus Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus heavily on online retail in addition to investing in technology in a way that helps it differentiate itself and achieve that competitive edge for sustainable growth. Alternatives 1. Online Channel Pros Increase in the number of smartphones users in Korea as a result of which they have come to value online shopping a lot (an increase of 205% from 2005 to 2011) for the ease of use and convenience that it offers. Homeplus needs to tap into this market by setting up a robust online channel whereRead MorePlaying Fields Between Offline And Online Stores1271 Words   |  6 Pagesoffline and online stores uneven? For example: Are you the type to window shop in real stores but buy in virtual stores? Online shopping has largely influenced consumers for over 30 years. 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Things you should know about E-commerce Platforms Before startingRead MorePros : Pros And Cons Chart1420 Words   |  6 PagesChallenge 1: Pros and Cons Chart A Pros and Cons chart is used to weigh up different options with the aid of detailed information o create an argument for and against each option. A ranking system can be used to rate each factor from most important to least important. Google can use a Pros and Cons chart to see if a partnership with specific apps such as weather apps is a possible solution to the problem they are facing with these apps. Join Partnership with â€Å"Weather Live† App Pros Cons Increases inRead MoreEssay on Grocery Gateway1372 Words   |  6 Pagespresident of industrial engineering and operations systems, must provide recommendations for improving and optimizing the delivery operations. 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A Comparative Study Between Chinese Consumers And Non...

Female Consumers and Pornography: A Comparative Study between Chinese Consumers and Non-consumers’ opinions towards pornography. Society is increasingly sexualizing women bodies in advertising and porn is now a large industry. It is estimated that many young men watch or view porn in magazines or online, but there is little information on women’s use of porn although there is an small industry catering to women’s needs. So I want to find out what you think about porn and how you might use it and what it means to you. A) Personal Background: 1) Please tell me a little about yourself - What is your age? - What is your nationality/ Where you come from? - What is your highest education - What is your parent occupation? - What is your occupation? B) Attitudes Towards Pornography: 1) What do you think about pornography? Do you think it is entertainment/ Do you think it is fun/ Do you think it is exploitative to women/ Do you think it is degrading women? 2) Do you think pornography is a good or bad thing for women’s position in society? Please explain why. 3) Do you think the use of pornography is always a form of exploitation to women or can it be made with consent? 4) Do you think the use of pornography should be prohibited? 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Can Business Ethics Be Taught Free Essays

Business Ethics can be defined as the study and evaluation of decision making by businesses according to moral concepts and judgments. Ethical issues range from a company’s obligation to be honest with its customers to a company’s responsibility to preserve the environment and protect employee rights. Ethics includes the need to produce a reasonable profit for the company’s shareholders with honesty in business practices, safety in the workplace, and larger environmental and social issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Business Ethics Be Taught? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business ethics calls for an awareness of social responsibility and this includes addressing social problems such as poverty, crime, environmental protection, equal rights, public health, and improving education. Can business ethics be taught? This is a question where there is no absolute answer yes or no. But I believe the ethics and business ethical examples should be and have to be taught in business school. First, it is important to help graduates understand other people’s value systems and expectations of them, to be able to engage and discuss this side of things in a decision making process (especially if other people’s expectations have become rules or laws, as with accounting and disclosure requirements, rules against conflicts of interest, etc). Second, it’s important to help graduates realize the horrible consequences (especially for others) of some seemingly harmless selfish acts. We certainly shouldn’t delude ourselves that a required course in grad school is going to make bad people into good people, or mean people into kind people. Nor should we be sanctimonious about it and feel that offering a course on ethics somehow makes us (the instructors or administrators) â€Å"good people. † But the first approach above will make it easier for the graduate to interact with others in the workplace, and to avoid oblivious violations of industry regulations. And the second approach above might actually change the way some people behave, at least a little, by instilling a greater awareness of how their decisions affect or harm others. However, most people would agree with that ethics is very difficult to be taught especially when the financial reward to do unethical behavior is greater than doing the right thing. The strong ethical behavior will not prevent another melt down that was witnessed on Wall Street. Too many times, the issue is all about money. How much can I get in the short term, can I get out before the long term risk hits, and can I retire before with the money I made. This type of mentality forces high risk taking to get the greatest return in a short time. For any company, this will eventually hit the bottom line. The company may even see bankruptcy. The Board of Directors has a major responsibility to the shareholders. That is to develop strategic plans to ensure growth, but to ensure longevity of the company to survive the long haul. Not quick profits and get out. The shareholders need to also control the Board of Directors to ensure that Board of Directors financial gains are measured appropriately and to ensure longevity of the company. But what happens only a small minority shareholders have enough stocks to make decisions. The rest are just along for the ride. What is needed besides ethics, is being held accountable for the actions taken, and ensure that all actions are not in the gray area white and black are no longer seen. We have been read and seen too many unethical issues happened, such as Enron Corporation, Andersen, Bernard Madoff Fraud etc†¦ Also so many unethical things in China, Sanlu infant milk powder issue which has killed so many babies, a big number of corruption issues about high position officials, which we can often read news from medias. But if some shareholders or anyone can stand up and say something in the beginning before the things went too wrong, it probably would prevent some corruption or fraud, to some degree. People who don’t believe the ethics can be taught have their concerns. â€Å"It’s unrealistic to expect people’s behavior is going to change because they sit in classes,† says Marshall Goldsmith, an executive coach based in San Diego and an adjunct lecturer at Dartmouth College’s Tuck School of Business. â€Å"Is there any proof in any executive education †¦ hat anyone who went to any course ever changed any behavior as measured by anyone else over any period of time? Not that I know of. † Mr. Goldsmith and others concede that new emphases on ethics in business schools send a message to future managers that ethics are important, even in the corner office. But, they caution, expectations for a big impact from these programs are pie-in-the-sky thinking. â₠¬Å"No one is going to come out of those courses as a different person,† Mr. Bruhn says. â€Å"The thing those courses are going to do is create awareness. They’re not going to change behavior because ethics is learned by modeling, not by reading a bunch of books over a weekend. † There is another main problem is the patterns of moral behavior are formed long before students are able to study in the business schools. An analysis shows that the key period for shaping a person’s moral character falls between the ages of 2 and 10. When we reach business schools we normally are more then 22, it’s kind of too late. The students are already all formed their own moral thinking, behavior and ethical habit. Ethics should be learned since we start knowing and sensing this world, and be taught by our parents, seniors, teachers in kindergarten, in primary schools, by the environment we grow. It is about a whole education system for a country. Especially for the education of our young next generations, we have to put more emphasis into subject of moral virtues. Ethics should be a basic issues in any organizations and be taught in all levels of education. Over all, to some extent, yes, ethics can be taught in a classroom, if the schools, teachers, professor and the students adopt a practical approach, in preference to a philosophical one. How to cite Can Business Ethics Be Taught?, Papers

Dixon Ticonderoga free essay sample

Why do you think that the Chinese apparently have a cost advantage in the production of pencils? As we all know that China is a country with a large population of people. With a lot of investment and professional people in China, it has become a strong foreign competition in producing pencils. With the high technology of machines in China, it is said to have more cost advantages in costs, material and production or even labor costs. Apparently, China has a cost advantage in the production of pencil is because of the low inflation rate.Inflation can be defined as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and service in an economy over a period of time. It means as the general price level increase, each unit of currency buy less goods and services. So with the low inflation rate of china, the product is cheaper and gives benefits to the poor which they are able to purchase it. We will write a custom essay sample on Dixon Ticonderoga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also allows real wages decrease and causing lower standard of living which eventually affect the population. One of the benefits of the low inflation rate is consumers and businesses able to make long-range plans. Second, China has a high level of population, so the labour is cheap compared to the US labours which results in lowering the costs. This is because there are many people in China which needs job and job available is not enough for everyone, therefore people are willing to work with a low pay. So, China is a country with good advantages of producing product. The cheaper labour cost of China also lowers the cost production of pencils. Besides, employers also provide free or subsidized housing and social facilities and provide free health care for the labours.With the available of raw material in China, it could be cheaper compared to the sources which US is being supplied for the pencil production. The abundant resources and raw material of China make it easy for making outputs. Since low quality products have no guarantee, the goods produced are cheaper since the cost is also low. As a result, the government can save more wages as their production. 2 Next, the Chinese companies can lower the quality parameters for a production which results in lower cost in production which is compared with US.For example, the factories that the Chinese pencils might not be sophisticated state of the art factories which reduce their overhead costs than the US factories where high quality factory standards are being maintained. Lastly, is the low interest rate in China. Since China is a non democracy country, so the worker can be forced to work in a cheap wages rate. It gives benefits to businessman for setting up their business in China compared to US as the interest charged rate for the production is low which result in low financial costs for the companies. China had import new technologies from foreign countries as made big profit over the pencils sold. (482 words) Question 2 Do you think that lobbying the U. S government to impose antidumping duties of pencils from China is a good way to protect American jobs? Who benefits the most from such duties, who loses? What alternative policy stance might the government take? In order to protect the American jobs, I think that the decision that made by US government can be accepted.US government used the method of impose antidumping duties of pencils from China is to protect American jobs is a short run protection on the risks of the people losing their jobs. Impose antidumping duties is certainly important because if a country sells its products overseas at a price lower than the cost of production, there is no one else that can compete with that. With such, antidumping results in maintaining the price level in the market and balance it. As a result, this would help in recovering the situatio n. In this case, US government has benefited within this policy. Antidumping duties provide chances for US government on manufacturing different products where the prices would 3 be competitive with the imports. By this, sales were allowed to be continued. US government solved the problem that endangered them when Chinese pencils entered the market with this policy. Since China has low cost in production, they can import their pencils into US with a large amount if US government did not impose antidumping duties.China benefited in this as the companies had been forced to be ingenious when they faced the hurdle. Chinese pencils might lower the cost and even improve the quality in making pencils. The experiencing in this case leads the Chinese to become a stronger and competitive party. On the other hand, consumers were the loser. Both the citizens are not allowed to purchase cheap China pencils, where the costs of the Chinese pencils were being higher up from the original prices for times.The consumer had been asked to pay for more than the amount the products valued. The government was benefited, but the consumers had to suffer the exorbitant tariffs on their daily usage. An alternative policy stance the government might take is US government do had its lost part in this policy. With this policy, the Chinese market share was not interfere with it but continues to grow after a small belch. China continued to improve their processes and become better and stronger to making those cheaper pencils to compete with the others.US had created a chance for the Chinese by the policy and this may lead the US to have future trouble on enemy China a strong country. Lastly, the government is proposed to introduce certain policies such as promoting innovation domestically. This would help where the invention by domestic saves an amount of money on hiring foreign professional to analysis. The government can encourage firms to set up foreign subsidiaries to take advantage of some of the low costs.

Bacteria Reproduction Essays - Bacteriology, Bacteria, Prokaryote

Bacteria Reproduction Bacteria are microscopic singular celled organisms grouped in the prokaryote kingdom. They have a seemingly simple internal structure but that is not so the internal structure of a bacterium is quite complicated . Bacterial growth is generally studied in cell cultures by "visible count" estimation which shows an apparent growth curve. (Stephenson 50) The growth curve shows the stages of bacterial growth within a cell culture. (Thimann 623). Bacteria can survive in a number of different extreme environments from extreme heat to little water. Bacterium have a internal structure that is more complicated than it seems at first. The first part of the bacterium is the plasma membrane which is a selectively permeable barrier that is the boundary of the cell. (Prescott 40) The next portion of a bacterium is the cytoplasmic matrix. The cytoplasmic matrix is the substance lying between the plasma membrane and the nucleoid. (Prescott 45) Although it is generally featureless in a microscopes it can be packed with ribosomes and is generally highly organized. (Prescott 45) The next one is the nucleiod of a bacterium.(Prescott 40) This is the area within a bacterium in which the genetic material of the cell is located. (Prescott 49) The nucleiod itself is not defined by a membrane but is an irregularly shaped region of the cell. (Prescott 50) The gas vacuole of a bacterium is used for buoyancy in aquatic environments. (Prescott 40) This is demonstrated by filling a bottle with Cyanobacteria stopping it with a stopper and then hitting the stopper with a hammer.(Prescott 45) The sudden pressure increase causes the gas vacuole to collapse so the bacteria sink to the bottom of the bottle.(Prescott 47) The inclusion bodies within a bacterial cell are storage for different substances such as carbon, phosphate and other substances. ( Prescott 40) The cell wall of Bacteria gives the bacteria shape and protects it from the outside environment. ( Prescott 40) The flagella of bacteria are tail like appendages of cells that are used for movement. (Prescott 40) The method usually used for estimating the growth of bacteria is the " viable count" method. (Stephenson 50) When the total count of the bacteria is plotted against time it shows a growth curve. (Stephenson 50) Such curves are divided into eight differing phases.(Thimann 623) The first phase of the growth curve is an initial stationary phase in which no growth occurs. (Thimann 623) The second phase is one of an increasing rate of growth these first two phases constitute the lag phase. (Thimann 623) The reason for the lag phase is this when you first put bacteria in a culture they need time to get into a state of growth called the embryonic stage. (Thimann 625) This stage can be identified by observing the cells. The bacteria grow to a greater size than normal. (Thimann 625) The third phase is called the logarithmic growth stage.(Stephenson 50) During logarithmic growth stage the rate of increase remains constant and the cell size returns to normal. (Stephenson 50) The fourth phase is one of decreasing cell growth with many cells dying off. (Thimann 623) The fifth phase of cell growth is where the cells reach the maximum population of bacteria that the medium can support with growth and death balanced out. (Thimann 624) The sixth phase is one of increasing death rate. (Thimann 624) The seventh phase is the "logarithmic" death phase which is the inverse of the logarithmic growth phase. (Thimann 624). The eighth and final phase of the growth curve is one of decreasing death rate. (Thimann 624) In this stage a small amount of bacteria can live almost indefinitely provided that the medium is still inhabitable. (Thimann 624) This curve shows the bacteria's limitations dependent on your constants and variables within the growth curve experiment. The level of aeration the temperature and nutrient levels all are variables that lead to different results in this experiments. Bacteria can grow in many harsh conditions. One type of classification for bacteria is based on the temperature at which a bacterium can survive. The thermopile bacteria are bacteria that can survive at temperatures of forty-two to one hundred degrees Celsius or more.(Edwards 2) These bacteria are generally found around hot geological sites such as volcanoes and geysers.(Edwards 2) Another class of bacteria are the Acidophiles. Acidophiles are Bacterium that can survive and reproduce within an extremely acidic environment.(Edwards 34) Their environments are highly acidic soils in mining and geothermal areas.(Edwards 34) Oligotrophs are bacteria that can survive on little organic matter such as carbon (Edwards 93) They

A Review of Intelligence for an Age of Terror (Treverton, 2009). The WritePass Journal

A Review of Intelligence for an Age of Terror (Treverton, 2009). Introduction A Review of Intelligence for an Age of Terror (Treverton, 2009). IntroductionConclusionsReferenceRelated Introduction This book by Treverton (2009) is argued here to be a vitally important area of work that looks specifically at the way in which the use of intelligence has naturally had to change as a result of modern society. Interestingly, although there is a clear aim not to apportion blame specifically for the recent atrocities, the author indicates that he feels there is a link between the United States and their flawed approach to intelligence and the high profile terror attacks that have taken place in the US. Significantly, the author is very careful not to apportion blame or finger point and maintains a balanced and critical approach when trying to establish a link and to look at the role of intelligence. Main Arguments Presented In this book, the author actually goes on to break down the failures, in order to try to identify the impact that the specific shortcomings are having on the magnitude and nature of the target of the threats. He recognises in this analysis that, in many cases, the intelligence approaches are enshrined in the Cold War security approaches of looking at the organisation and the tactical decisions of the intelligence offerings, rather than focusing on the actual threats that are being faced in the current climate (Riley et al 2005). One of the main aspects of the book which provides added value to the information that is being presented is that, although the author spends time identifying the failings, he also spends some considerable time looking at the way in which the changes he suggests could be implemented, in practice. As a professional with experience in the field, this shows and adds considerable value to what would otherwise be a potentially academic discussion. In order to achieve this, the author takes a very pragmatic view, with the initial stage being to look at the nature of the risks that are looking at being targeted from intelligence operations. He states that recognising the threats is the first step towards then being able to recognise the way these should be handled. It is this pragmatic approach which looks at both the practical reality and the academic study that makes this book so informative in the area of intelligence being used in the terror context. The author follows themes and after identifying them he then goes on to look at how intelligence should be reformed to deal with the modern challenges. In order to identify the best way to deal with intelligence and to look at the reform of intelligence culture, there is a need first to consider the actual route of the threat and where it emanates from. One underlying argument and theme which is presented by the author here and which adds particular value to the discussion, in the opinion of the reviewer, is to look at the role of the nation state as being at the root of the changing dynamic. For example, during the Cold War, the focus of terror attacks was typically nation states and as such the intelligence gathering focussed on these entities. As time has passed, the nation states have become much more than simply target areas. Nation states can often offer a great deal of information that adds to the knowledge and understanding of the general issues of intelligence. Increasingly however in the modern context, the non-state actors play a vitally important role and it is argued by the author here that much of the role of the modern intelligence officer is to look at understanding the distinctions and various nuances that exist within these non-state actors, in such a way that their own motivation and actions can be better understood (p.141) Linked to this thread of discussion and again a vitally important aspect of the role of intelligence is that there are considerably more individuals, groups and entities that are involved in the area of intelligence gathering to prevent terrorism. With this increased number of people involved, the author places a great deal of focus on the idea that, whilst agencies may well have the technology to share information, they do not necessarily have the appropriate policies in place and therefore the underlying policies need to be reviewed, if modern challenges are going to be dealt with. As an overall position, the author maintains that there needs to be a reasonable means of supplying information across all relevant actors and to ensure that the information which is being presented is relevant and measured, so that the correct people can react quickly and appropriately. By focusing on some of the practical difficulties faced in the current climate, it is argued here that the author gains a much higher degree of legitimacy than other academic analyses in this area may achieve; in particular, the author recognises that it is necessary to take a balance between the need to improve security, but also to provide privacy and security for individuals’ information (Snowden, 2002). He notes that paying attention to legality and legitimacy is in fact increasingly important to the anti-terror efforts and that there then needs to be a total review of the policies associated with anti-terror activities as the main way of managing and combating such issues. He supports this by suggesting that factors such as encouraging intelligence authorities to create a method whereby they can share information with other entities in a constructive and balanced manner is as important, if not more so, than the actual intelligence itself. Conclusions On balance, it is argued that this book presents an interesting and well informed opinion on the modern challenges facing the intelligence industry. By being an author who has practical experience in this area, it is suggested that this allows the text to gain legitimacy and also to take a more rounded view of the challenges being faced. Finally, providing practical and well backed up suggestions for the future means that this text presents real value to the area of intelligence and counter terrorist activities. It is concluded, therefore, that this is a well-balanced and informative text that fills a gap within the current understanding of the intelligence industry. Reference Riley et al., (2005) State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation Snowden, D (2002) Complex Acts of Knowing: Paradox and Descriptive Self-Awareness, Journal of Knowledge Management, Special Issue, September. Treverton, G. (2009). Intelligence for an Age of Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Business Continuity Management - Risk Management Essay

Business Continuity Management - Risk Management - Essay Example There are generally two types of risks that businesses face, the first is the risk of natural calamities and the second is the entrepreneurial risk. Here we are going to discuss the second type of risk factors of Royal Bank of Scotland. The second risk is the risk associated with the business functions, operations and the strategic decisions of the management. The concept of enterprise risk management arises in this scenario. Enterprise risk management is the process that affects the board of directors and other top level management of the organisation (Sadgrove, 2005, p. 3). The enterprise risk management process includes identification of and management of the risks that arises within the organisation. Enterprise risk management has many significant benefits, but at the same time few limitations also exists. It is many depended on the judgment of the human resource (Casualty Actuarial Society, 2003). So this signifies that if the human resource that is the employees or the manageme nt commits errors, then that might affect the measures taken for risk measurement. Apart from this, clash of decisions or view points between two individuals might also result in overriding the decisions of the management (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, 2004, p.5). The Business continuity management strategies is the core business function of any organisation for understanding the risk and also for designing the risk assessment measures. Business Continuity management helps the management to identify the difference between the problems and the risks. Crisis management and crisis communication are also involved in business continuity management because the risk faced by the organisations is generally for sudden crisis situations. Crisis is basically the unstable situations that may take place related to political, economical or social affair. So crisis management deals with management of risk of uncertainties. Business continuity policies or plans i nvolve the utilisation of resources to eliminate or transfer the risk that the organisations face during crisis situations (Blyth, 2009, Crisis Management). The process of risk management should be continuous and effective. It is the function of the business continuity management process to address the risk factors and understand the type of risks or crisis that the organisation is facing or about to face. This study would also deal with organisational crisis situations of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). It is one of the renowned banks in the world. RBS had a strong culture for risk management and controlling the activities for financial strength. The RBS was literally brought to its knees by the top level management of the organisation. The report of the Financial Services Authorities (FSA) stated that the crisis of the organisation was due to the deficiencies of the management and the organisational environment and culture of RBS before the crisis. The policies were liberal and they were not even revised for the betterment of the organisation (Barkho, 2011, p. 44). Crisis Management and Crisis Communication Crisis management and crisis communication are often used as interchangeable words in organisations, but there is little distinction between these two events. The crisis management basically deals with the reality part of any crisis that occurs in the organisation, while crisis communicat

Individual Experience of Working at a Prestigious Bank Essay

Individual Experience of Working at a Prestigious Bank - Essay Example I had a partial English education and could converse in English without difficulty. Although she had a thick African accent and a way of speaking, which is, at best called â€Å"cart before the horse,† the unabashed African made herself clearly understood. Other two Asians, coming from different parts of Asia, found it an uphill task to hold an ordinary conversation. But I could see that they were learning fast. People took some time to understand our accented and rather hurried way of speaking and this was, at times, a huge embarrassment. In frustration sometimes, we blamed it on the racism prevalent in the UK, although we knew that we were being unfair. African had an aggressive ‘back home’ accent and was unexpectedly comfortable with it. We had initial problems to understand the original British English, and had always been nervous if someone spoke to us directly. Slowly we started understanding the British way of speaking and that problem was partially left be hind. It is fantastic that we know a common language, even though at varying degrees of fluency. â€Å"For many theorists within mainstream linguistics, the term discourse signifies a turning away from sentences as exemplars of usage in the abstract, that is examples of the way that language is structured as a system, to a concern with language in use.† Brown and Yule (1983, taken from Mills, 1997, p. 9). Discourse across race and regions has many colors and shades. Our discourse that has remained formal even to this day with the British also shows the delicate nature of our relationship. It took only a few days for the rest of us to be informal. With formal conversation, very often one hits a brick wall. â€Å"What I have said is not ‘what I think’ but often what I wonder whether it couldn’t be thought,† said Foucault (1979d. 58) (Taken from Mills, 1997, p. 14). Language and discourse are crucial in cross-cultural  interactions and mostly becomes the sole reason of hindrance in furthering a friendship.  

A study of knowledge management leadership

A study of knowledge management leadership For the purpose of the assignment, the telecommunication industry was chosen from the services industry from Great Britain. Vodafone Group plc. (LSE: VOD, NASDAQ:  VOD), being a British multinational mobile network operator headquartered in Newbury, England has established prominent state within the business world. Vodafone is the worlds largest mobile telecommunication network company, and has a market value of about  £71.2 billion (November 2009). A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE), is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. The first modern multinational corporation is generally thought to be the East India Company. It currently has operations in 31 countries and partner networks in a further 40 countries. It is the worlds second largest mobile phone operator behind China Mobile a nd over Telephonic based on subscribers, with over 427 million subscribers in 31 markets across 5 continents as of 2009. In the UK, its home ground, Vodafone has badly underperformed in the last few years due to brisk change in administration. It has slipped from first to third largest telecom operator generating revenue of  £4.9 billion from its 18.7 million customers in 2008-09. As of March 31, 2009, the company employs more than 79,000 people worldwide. The name Vodafone comes from voice data fone, chosen by the company to reflect the provision of voice and data services over mobile phones. (BBC, 2009) Vodafone has been working and operating within many countries and have created several opportunities of working with local companies. February 2010, Vodafone announced that it is bringing M-PESA, one of the worlds most successful mobile money transfer services, to South Africa, to be deployed by its subsidiary, Vodacom South Africa and its South African banking partner. With approximately 26 million people in South Africa without official bank accounts, M-PESA will enable millions of mobile phone subscribers who have access to a mobile phone, but do not have or have only limited access to a bank account, to send and receive money via their mobile phones. The M-PESA service was developed by Vodafone and has already been deployed by Safari com in Kenya, Vodacom in Tanzania and Roshan in Afghanistan (branded M-Paisa). More than 11 million registered customers now rely on their mobile phones for money transfer, airtime top-up and bill payments. Vodafone takes an unusual tack with success ful candidates. Vodafone feeds back information on how people performed into their development plans as no one is ever a 100 per cent fit. The assessment process is constantly re-evaluated, with employees being assessed regularly on their background and personality. It also tracks new hires on attrition, sickness absence, performance in training and performance in the job. The process clearly works. They recruit fewer people than before because there assessment process has had such a positive effect on both attrition and performance. Theres a key attrition measure in call centres at 13 weeks into the job. Its the first pinch-point. Theyve improved there dramatically by selecting the right people at the outset. There are several factors that influence the working of multinational companies such as market imperfections and international powers. For the company under consideration, the market imperfections are the possibility of not knowing the local laws, local customers or businesses. The international power factors could be tax exemption, market withdrawal, lobbying, patents and government powers. The SECI model (the acronym stands for Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) was first proposed in 1991 (Nonaka 1991), though was refined and expanded for a broader audience in the popular book The Knowledge Creating Company (Nonaka Takeuchi 1995). The SECI model met with broad acceptance, especially among management practitioners, due to its intuitive logic and clear delineation of knowledge types between tacit and explicit knowledge-utilising this knowledge delineation first espoused in management theory by Polanyi (1958). The core behavioural assumption in the model is that knowledge creating companies continually encourage the flow of knowledge between individuals and staff groups to improve both tacit and explicit knowledge stocks. Thus, knowledge value is created through synergies between knowledge holders (both individual and group) within a supportive and developmental organisational context. Figure (The Key Elements of the SECI Model, In the above diagram, the I, G, and O symbols represent individuals) group and organization In 1998 a third, more challenging, cultural assumption was added to the SECI discussion. Nonaka and Konno (1998) introduced the Japanese concept of Ba, a philosophical construct rooted in Japanese society that relates to the physical, relational and spiritual elements of place, or perhaps more expansively context. In the strategic management and organisational theory literatures, organisations are increasingly conceptualised in terms of their knowledge and capabilities (Poppo Zenger 1998), and less in terms of their physical and financial assets. Further, organisational alliances that draw together firms are being viewed as conduits for information and knowledge flows between organisations (Grant Baden-Fuller 2004). Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) sometimes referred to as multinational companies, are enterprises that control economic assets in other countries generally this means controlling at least a 10% share of such an asset. These companies command enormous financial resources, possess vast technical resources and have extensive global reach. In 2002, the most recent year for which full data are available, FDI made throughout the world totalled some $651bn. While most FDI goes to developed countries; for developing countries it is by far the largest source of external finance. The figures are striking: In 2002 $162bn in FDI went to developing countries. By comparison, official development assistance (ODA) amounts to some $58bn annually and remittances, another significant source of funds for poor countries, totalled $93bn in 2003. Above mentioned picture shows that Developed market multinationals gives more emphasis to Process Technology and Organizational Architecture. Their operating model is process technology driven and results were judged on the basis of performance metrics. They give very less importance to Leadership skills Inter-personal relationship between people however opposite is true for Emerging Market multinationals where more emphasis is given to Leadership Inter-personal relationship between people and less importance is given to process technology, organizational Architecture metrics. For Example: In the oil and gas industry, for instance, emerging-market NOCs do not seem to rely as systematically on the strict net-present-value metric that IOCs use in their decision-making process-which is consistent with a more-risk conscious leadership style. Rather than adopting this metric, NOCs change the game by creating deals that involve aid and infrastructure packages. This signals a market development mind-set as opposed to a market-exploitation mind-set. Knowledge Management plan: Overview Knowledge Management (or KM) refers to the processes and/or tools an organization uses to collect, analyse, store, and disseminate its intellectual capital. Besides deployment of appropriate technology and processes by a business enterprise in order to maintain and retain its intellectual capital, effective KM also refers to making optimum use of experience and understanding of organizational knowledge, in general. This includes a wide range of information artefacts, such as inherent knowledge-based documents (reports) available internally within the organization, as well as related information from the external resources. Definition A logical extension of this concept is into the entire organization, in the form of Enterprise Knowledge Management (EKM). Among the areas of greatest concern for the modern knowledge worker (from CIO down to the Content Manager), is identifying, collecting, securing and maintaining the information (aka knowledge base) of the organization. Without a process to ensure this systems usefulness, there are invariably holes which are only found when a user tries to obtain that (missing) information. As Intellectual Capital This intellectual capital can include training materials, processes, procedures, documents, ideas, skills, experiences, and much more. An effective Knowledge management plan allows a company to quickly and easily share this intellectual capital among the organization so it is available on-demand at any time it is needed. (EEC) KM Types KM can take many forms, depending on the purpose and requirements. The following is a partial list of related types of KM from which an organization may select one or many: Content Management Data Management Records Management Document Management Portal Online Education Information Architecture Knowledge Discovery Knowledge Retrieval KM Storage Methods of storing and sharing this intellectual capital include searchable knowledge bases, Learning Management Systems, other types of databases, enterprise portals, groupware tools, and email. KM Leadership Knowledge management leadership, in terms of position types and their associated titles, covers a broad category of positions and responsibilities. Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO), like any executive-level corporate leader, handles for enterprise-wide coordination of all KM-related issues and projects. Few corporations maintain a CKO or equivalent officer within their organization. More likely, this responsibility would fall either within the scope of the CIO or a director-level Knowledge Manager. Various categories within the lower-level Knowledge Management career field may be: Knowledge Analyst (Content Manager), Knowledge Engineer (Software Specialist), or, Knowledge Steward (Librarian). These are general career titles, since a specific taxonomy does not currently exist which applies to all organizations or positions within the emerging field of KM. Most of the challenges in knowledge management primarily stem from the types of knowledge reuse situations and purposes. Knowledge workers may produce knowledge that they themselves reuse while working. However, each knowledge re-use situation is unique in terms of requirements and context. Whenever these differences between the knowledge re-use situations are ignored, the organization faces various challenges in implementing its knowledge management practices. The Knowledge Management system enables employees to have ready access to the institutional documented base of facts, information sources and solutions. A typical claim justifying the creation of a KM system might run something like this: an engineer could know the mobile applications can help in transferring money to other countries without any security concerns. Sharing these informations widely could lead to more valuable money transfer plan leading to ideas for new or improved equipment. Following factors incorporate manag ement system such as Purpose: the Knowledge Management System depends upon explicit knowledge management objectives towards collaboration, effective practice and team work. Context: Knowledge is information that is significantly well thought-out, accumulated and embedded in a framework of creation and application. Processes: Knowledge Management System are always developed to sustain and extend knowledge-intensive processes, tasks or projects of e.g., designing, construction, identification, capturing, acquirement, variety, valuation, organization, linking, structuring, formalization, evolution, accessing, visualization, transfer, distribution, retention, maintenance, refinement, revision, retrieval and last but not least the application of knowledge, also called the knowledge life cycle (KLC). Participants: KMS designs are held to reflect that knowledge is developed collectively and that the distribution of knowledge leads to its continuous change, reconstruction and application in different contexts, by different participants with differing backgrounds and experiences. Although this is not necessarily the case. Employees can engage in recreation the roles of active, involved participants in knowledge networks and communities fostered by Knowledge Management System. Instruments: KMS support KM instruments, e.g., the capture, creation and sharing of the modifiable aspects of practice, skill management systems, collaborative filtering and handling of interests used to hook up people, the creation and fostering of communities or knowledge networks, the creation of corporate knowledge directories, taxonomies or ontologies, expertise locators. KM systems are being used within many transnational organizations with many success stories. The advantages claimed by the KM systems are: Sharing valuable institutional information throughout organizational hierarchy: Knowledge and information sharing are regarded as means to use resources more effectively in order to reduce costs and gain a competitive advantage (cf. Chuang, 2004; Johannessen and Olsen, 2003; Ringel-Bickelmaier, 2000; North, 2005). As a common feature, all international organizations work within the restraint of a tight regular budget that needs to be managed as effectively and ef ¬Ã‚ ciently as possible. Almost all international organizations have accordingly installed controlling systems or rede ¬Ã‚ ned their tasks as business cases. It includes creating plans such as helping in identifying, create, capture and share knowledge systematically in order to assist working smarter rather than harder. Modern strategies for improved reputation advertising capabilities and getting resource returns for further enhance development agenda; Widened pool of targeted knowledge makes organizational learning more strategic as Efficiency gains though improved results. Through the systematic system, the companies can avoid re-discovering the wheel, reducing outmoded work as well as committing same mistake again and again. It helps the businesses to improve the cost; time spent as well the better risk management. May lessen new employees training time. After the employee leaves, retention of Intellectual Property if knowledge can be codified. Knowledge sharing behaviours and facilitate knowledge transfer This study aims to examine the factors affecting knowledge sharing behavior in knowledge-based communities because quantity and quality of knowledge shared among the members play a critical role in the communitys sustainability. Past research has suggested three perspectives that may affect the quantity and quality of knowledge shared: economics, social psychology, and social ecology. In this study, we strongly believe that an economic perspective may be suitable to validate factors influencing newly registered members, knowledge contribution at the beginning of relationship development. Accordingly, this study proposes a model to validate the factors influencing members knowledge sharing based on Transaction Cost Theory. By doing so, we may empirically test our hypotheses in various types of communities to determine the generalizability of our research models. Benefits to sharing knowledge include: Enhancement of effectiveness and efficiency by spreading good ideas and practices. Cost effectiveness knowledge is developed and then re-used by many people. Time savings Professionals learn from their mistakes and those of others. Emotional relief and decreased tension are experienced when problems are shared. Bonds and connections between professionals are strengthened; solving problems brings people together. More sophisticated ideas, insights and information sources are applied to problems resulting in better solutions. Innovation and discovery increase as does: excitement, engagement and motivation. A feeling of satisfaction from sharing knowledge, much like giving charity, results from making a contribution to society. Respectful ways of using knowledge with attribution and permission benefit the person who generates the knowledge and the person who shares it. Management Development plan Management Development is the process by which managers learn and improve their expertise not only to benefit themselves but also their employing organisations. There are various approaches to management development programmes such as follow. Mentoring Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximise their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become the person they want to be.  Eric Parsloe, the Oxford School of Coaching. Mentoring is a technique for allowing the transmission of knowledge, skills and experience in a supportive and challenging environment much like coaching. The same skills of inquiring, listening, clarifying, reframing and many of the same models are used. Mentoring can also work as a way of inducting employees, as a form of employees development across departments and as a means of simple skills transfer. However, mentoring relationships can be much more long term, for example in a sequence planning scenario a regional finance director might be mentored by a group level counterpart where they might learn the basics of dealing with the boardroom, presenting to analysts, challenging departmental budgets, etc. all in a supportive environment. This is particularly productive when there is a gender or ethnic dimension to the relationship. An effective mentoring liaison is a learning opportunity for both parties.  Mentoring relationships work best when they move beyond the directive appr oach of a senior colleague telling it how it is, to one where both learn from each other. Management Coaching and Development The challenge of maintaining competitive advantage, delivering growth plans, restructuring and downsizing has never been greater. Developing people to deliver to their maximum potential can mean the difference between success and failure. And successful organisations know that developing their people not only leads to increased business performance, but that it is also a key factor in staff engagement and retention. In tough times, organisations that axe development activity do so at their peril. Coaching Although there is a lack of agreement among coaching professionals about precise definitions, in this service company, Coaching as developing a persons skills and knowledge so that their job performance improves, hopefully leading to the achievement of organisational objectives. It targets high performance and improvement at work, although it may also have an impact on an individuals private life. It usually lasts for a short period and focuses on specific skills and goals. There are some generally agreed characteristics of coaching in organisations: It is essentially a non-directive form of development. Coaching assumes that the individual is psychologically well and does not require a clinical intervention. It provides people with feedback on both their strong point and their weaknesses. It is a skilled activity which should be delivered by trained people. It focuses on improving presentation and developing individuals skills. Personal issues may be discussed but the emphasis is on performance at work. Coaching activities have both organisational and individual goals. Job rotation Job design  technique  in which  employees  are moved between two or more  jobs  in a planned manner. In Vodafone the objective  is to expose the employees to different experiences  and wider variety of  skills  to enhance  job satisfaction  and to cross-train them. Job rotation is a great way to discover your strength and interest in different areas of the Vodafone. On the job training This will be for the assistants who join fresh to help managers. A mapping procedure will be followed by the HR, to place the new assistant with a manager that has expertise in the field that the assistant aspires to enhance his/her skills. This will help reduce the training cost of the company and help the fresher become confident and be integral to the company Business Workflow Analysis In Vodafone Company the workflows is to diagram the way that a company works in an easy-to-read format. This chart allows managers to assess the way the company is performing and determine how productive its methods are. Flaws in the process where time or resources are wasted can often be identified quickly in format of a  workflow. These issues can then be addressed by preparing a new, more efficient business  workflow  to demonstrate the changes that need to be made. Upward feedback In leadership development and management development, upward feedback (also known as manager feedback and subordinate appraisal) is a structured process of delivering feedback from subordinates to managers, intended to identify ways to increase management effectiveness and enhance organizational performance.   Supervisory training This training provides an opportunity to learn about the transition to leadership so that new managers and supervisors can be more successful in their new role. For more experienced managers and supervisors, the training offers an opportunity to reflect on the style they have adopted in performing their duties, and it shows where they can make improvements. This is particularly true for those who have come up through the ranks over the years and now face a very different workforce, workload, and set of community expectations. This training is intended to help you better understand your role and provide strategies to enhance your effectiveness as a leader. Management Development Theories: The human relations and human factors approaches were absorbed into a broad behavioural science movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This period produced some influential theories on the motivation of human performance. For example, Maslows hierarchy of needs provided an individual focus on the reasons why people work. He argued that people satisfied an ascending series of needs from survival, through security to eventual self-actualization. In the same period, concepts of job design such as job enrichment and job enlargement were investigated. It was felt that people would give more to an organization if they gained satisfaction from their jobs. Jobs should be designed to be interesting and challenging to gain the commitment of workers a central theme of HRM. Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940) At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included on going, routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities. Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950) Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized tasks. Human Relations Movement (1930-today) Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. A major belief included that the organization would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource departments were added to organizations. The behavioural sciences played a strong role in helping to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of the organization and its workers could be better aligned. Various new theories were spawned, many based on the behavioural sciences (some had name like theory X, Y and Z). Points to consider *. What is the value of theory? Specifically, what is the value of a theory that has gone out of fashion? Most theories are not entirely new they adapt or develop older concepts as a result of perceived inadequacies in the originals. Management thinking is like an incoming tide: each wave comes further up the beach, then retreats, leaving a little behind to be overtaken by the next wave. You can also consider the limitations of common sense and the fact that most problems have been experienced already, in some form, by someone else. We can learn from that wider experience, whereas common sense is essentially individual. Conclusion: The SECI models help the business to improve the business turnout through traditional strategies such as emotional and regional factors. The Vodafone are employing all these strategies in order to strengthen their roots within those communities through the theses money transfer campaigns and employing people from those countries to introduce the desired factors within Knowledge system. Also thorough the management development schemes, Vodafone are getting the best out of them by educating and empowering them with the modern techniques. Nonaka, I Takeuchi, H 1995, The knowledge creating company. How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, Oxford University Press, New York. Nonaka, I 1991, The Knowledge Creating Company, Harvard Business Review, (November-December), pp. 96-104. Nonaka, I, Toyama, R Konno, N 2001, SECI, Ba and Leadership: a Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation, in I Nonaka DJ Teece (eds.), Managing Industrial Knowledge: Creation, Transfer and Utilization, Sage, London, pp. 1-43. Poppo, L Zenger, T 1998, Testing alternative theories of the firm: transaction cost, knowledge-based, and measurement explanations for make-or-buy decisions in information services, Strategic Management Journal, 19 (9), pp. 853-877.

Psychology Resilience Paper Essay

â€Å"Our history does not determine our destiny,† stated Boris Cyrulnik, author of Resilience: How Your Inner Strength Can Set You Free From the Past. Resilience can come from many places in a person, but when looking at the nature versus nurture perspective, it is nature that most strongly determines how resilient a person will be, and not based quite as much upon how they were nurtured. As Cyrulnik said, it is not our history, in other words, not how we’ve been previously nurtured, that determines what we will become, or how resilient we will be in times of trial. Before discussing the idea of how nature applies to the idea of resilience, it is important to first understand what resilience is. Cyrulnik defined this word as such: â€Å"The ability to succeed, to live in a positive and socially acceptable way, despite the stress or adversity that would normally involve the real possibility of a negative outcome. † (Cyrulnik, 1999. ) this means that when a person goes through a hardship in their life, they continue to live normally instead of allowing it to affect their lives in a bad way. One important point that the textbook Invitation to Lifespan Psychology brought up was that â€Å"adversity must be significant† in order for a person to be considered resilient. (Berger, 2010. ) therefore, when discussing resilience, the problem that a person has to overcome must be major/life-changing for it to be considered resilience when it is overcome. While nurture may have an impact on how resilient a person can be, it is their nature that truly determines this. Cyrulnik gave an example of how two hundred children were at â€Å"serious parental and social risk. † (Cyrulnik, 1999. Out of those 200 children, 130 of them had serious mental and emotion issues in their lives decades later. However, that left 70 children that went on to lead completely normal lives. If this were to be looked at from the perspective of nurture being the key role in how resilient a child will be, it hardly makes sense. All 200 of these kids were in the same abusive type lifestyles; they were all nurtured the same. If it were nurture that determined how resilient a child will be, then it should have been closer to 200 kids that ended up being greatly negatively impacted later in life. 5% of the kids went on to lead normal lives. They were not nurtured to do so. It was in their very nature to continue to lead a positively normal life, so how they were nurtured could not affect that. Studies have shown that the ability for a child to make friends and learn new things can impact how resilient a child is. Berger stated in Invitation to Lifespan Psychology: â€Å"Another key aspect of resilience is whether or not a stressed child can develop friends, activities, and skills. (Berger, 2010. ) The social skills of a person is strongly dependent on their genes. In a study covered by CNN, they stated: â€Å"People who have two â€Å"G† variants of this oxytocin receptor gene tend to have better social skills and higher self-esteem. † (CNN, 2011 â€Å"Is empathy in our genes? † Retrieved from http://www. cnn. com/2011/11/15/health/empathy-genes/index. html). This is important because, as Berger stated, the ability to make friends is a huge part of a child’s ability to become resilient. As CNN suggested, social skills are genetic, which leads to the idea that the ability to be resilient is linked to a person’s nature, and the better their genes are regarding social skills, the better the chance they have to become resilient. Not only are social skills hugely a part of the nature of a person, the need to interact with other people is deeply rooted in human nature. Cyrulnik gave the example of Michel, who spent three weeks in a camp during WWII after spending six months in hiding. (Cyrulnik, 1999. One might assume that a child would become very unhappy and depressed in a war camp, but Michel became thrilled, and felt as if he were at a party. This is because he had very little human interaction while he was in hiding, and he was finally able to interact with people when he was sent to the camp. He was resilient after his time in camp, able to move on with his life and not allow what happened to him to have a negative influence over his life. It was his human nature of needed contact with people and interaction that changed his whole perspective on his ordeal. He was nurtured well enough when in hiding, but he was miserable. It was his inborn nature that saved him because of the much-needed human interaction, which illustrated how it was his nature that was able to cause him to be resilient, and not the way that he was nurtured. Nurture will always impact people, but it is nature that impacts the lives and resilience of people the most. Cyrulnik describes multiple examples which help to illustrate this idea, such as the case of Michel. Resilience is what keeps people together when they have an intense struggle. Nature impacts the strength of that resilience.

Hamlet’s Delay

Hamlet is one the most discussed dramas in English Literature. It has provoked the critics for four centuries to unravel the mystery behind Hamlet’s delay in taking revenge of his father’s death. His delay has attracted many literary critics to analyze and interpret the reasons for his inaction. The depth of characterization and the complexity of the plot have made the task of the critics more complex and complicated. A systematic analysis of the criticism helps the reader for a better understanding of the character of Hamlet, his inaction and apathy for life. Hamlet, one of the four great tragedies by William Shakespeare, is the longest and most popular. Hamlet’s delay in avenging his father’s murder, has led many to interpret Hamlet in different ways taking different approaches to demystify the dilemma in Hamlet’s mind. If ‘to be or not to be’ is the question that haunted Hamlet, it is ‘Hamlet’s undue delay’ that has troubled many readers for hundreds of years. Hamlet is an educated gentleman with refined views in an era of turbulent times when his family, state are threatened by forces that are totally beyond his control. His education has made him into a refined man making him distinctly philosophical. He addresses the questions of universal importance that have troubled many a philosopher. His preoccupation with these questions has only made him more wavering in his attitude and delayed his action. His quest for answers not only deferred his actions but also brought his doom closer to him. At first he is not convinced with the Ghost’s words and wants to have evidence. When he has got evidence, he doesn’t find moral justification for taking revenge. When an opportunity presents itself, he leaves it planning for a more serious punishment. Thus, the story gets prolonged until it comes to his tragic end. In fact, Hamlet could not reconcile with the idea of cold blooded murder as a justification for revenge. The very introduction of Hamlet is indicative of the nature of his character. He is introduced in the play still ‘wearing black mourning clothes’ (I. ii. 66). He was asked to ‘cast off his nightly color’ by his mother. Obviously he is gloomy and there is something in his mind that escapes a clear statement. It reflects his agonized and troubled mind unable to bear the grief of his father’s death and reconcile with the hasty marriage of her mother with King Claudius. He was totally devastated by his father’s death and completely betrayed by his mother’s marriage. Finding himself that ‘something is rotten in the ‘rotten state of Denmark, he contemplates suicide. His soliloquy on suicide raising questions of its moral validity sets the tone of the things that come later. (I. ii. 129–130) What we see in Hamlet is a perpetual conflict in his mind that made him literally insane though he pretends that purposefully. ‘To thine ownself be true’ is the guiding principle of his conscience in deciding ‘to be or not to be’ in the beginning, contemplating the merits and demerits of committing suicide. He feels himself helpless in finding himself in such a ruthless world and thus he laments: O! that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew; Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world. (Act. I. Scene. I) Throughout the play we see how his world gets crumbled gradually making him more and more cynical and withdrawn. The most shocking thing for Hamlet is he could not bear the news of his mother marrying his uncle King Claudius in undue haste. It has totally unsettled his equilibrium. She married: — O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! (Act. I. Scene. I) When he is down with depression and shock he is advised by King Hamlet’s Ghost to take revenge. In the darkness, the ghost speaks to Hamlet claiming to be his father’s spirit. It arouses the feelings of vengeance in Hamlet and to revenge his death, a â€Å"foul and most unnatural murder† (Act. I. v. 25). Hamlet was horrified at the sight of the Ghost and by knowing how his father was murdered by his uncle Claudius. At first he could not believe whether the Ghost was real. The message of the Ghost puts him in a dilemma, as it advises him to take revenge on Claudius and not to offend Gertrude and leave her to destiny and her conscience. Hamlet gets shocked and bewildered. He does not like to jump to the conclusion of taking immediate action. He wants to confirm it by his own method of getting enough evidence against King Claudius. To confirm what the King Hamlet’s Ghost has told Hamlet plans to show King Claudius a play which has close resemblance to the murder of King Hamlet. The play called â€Å"The Murder of Gonzago† was played causing King Claudius to react which logically concludes Hamlet’s suspicion. Once his suspicion is confirmed, he wants to proceed with his plans of putting an end to Claudius. Hamlet realizes his weak mind when he feels the intensity in the expression of the dialogues of the players when they were practicing. He resolves to take decisive action and plans a trap for Claudius. Hamlet is quite successful in trapping Claudius and getting evidence from the way Claudius reacts when he watches the drama and cries out at the crucial moment. It is rather Hamlet’s personal requirement to answer his conscience that he needs clear evidence to prove what King Hamlet’s Ghost has told him. It is the hallmark of Hamlet’s character that he does not jump to conclusion without enough proof. Hamlet’s education and sensitivity and general philosophical disposition must have made him seek for valid proof against the King Claudius. But what surprises everyone is he doesn’t take the chance to kill Claudius when an opportunity presents itself. Hamlet finds his own reasons in not taking the chance. He doesn’t like to allow his murderous uncle to go to Heaven by killing him when he is in prayer. So he leaves the opportunity which is considered by many the best chance. He reasons out that the murderer of his father does not deserve Heaven. This only delays his action further. According to Dover Wilson there is no delay in avenging the death of Hamlet’s father. He feels Hamlet has acted in time. According to E E Stoll, there is no delay; it is just a convention of the play. He is of the opinion that if there is no delay, there is no play at all. All these indicate that there is delay in taking revenge. Hamlet himself feels it and it is noteworthy that he has to be reminded by the Ghost again when he was furious with his mother Gertrude. These are proof enough to prove that revenge has been delayed. When the play itself is addressing the issue of delay, it is unreasonable to say that there is no delay. T. S. Eliot, the noted poet and critic considers Hamlet an artistic failure. He says: So far from being Shakespeare's masterpiece, the play is most certainly an artistic failure. In several ways the play is puzzling, and disquieting as is none of the others. Of all the plays it is the longest and is possibly the one on which Shakespeare spent most pains; and yet he has left in it superfluous and inconsistent scenes which even hasty revision should have noticed. (Eliot) He also feels that Hamlet is dominated by an emotion which is inexpressible and is in excess. Hamlet is unable to manage his own emotions as he could not find ‘objective correlative’ (Eliot). In other words, it is a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion. Explaining his theory, Eliot says: Hamlet is up against the difficulty that his disgust is occasioned by his mother, but that his mother is not an adequate equivalent for it; his disgust envelops and exceeds her. It is thus a feeling which he cannot understand; he cannot objectify it, and it therefore remains to poison life and obstruct action. (Eliot) In the article Hamlet's Thoughts and Antics, Margreta de Grazia observes that Shakespeare wanted to create a character that ‘thinks’ and showed it through Hamlet. Shakespeare produced a tragedy of inaction- a tragedy of thought. It is performance of thought-as inaction- as DELAY’. Margreta de Grazia) A. C. Bradley considered an authority on Shakespearean Tragedy, analyses the reasons for Hamlet’s delay in his famous lectures on Hamlet. His discussion on Hamlet attracted many with his convincing reasons. He does not find any external things as obstacles for his delay in taking revenge. Hamlet has access to the King and Hamlet never mentions abo ut any external barriers. Hence citing the external factors as the primary reason for the delay in action is totally nullified. Bradley does not accept Hamlet’s reason to justify his conscience as the main reason for the delay. Hamlet is unconsciously ambivalent about this duty; Bradley says â€Å"in the depths of his nature, and unknown to himself, there was a moral repulsion to the deed. â€Å"(Bradley) Goethe’s popular view of Hamlet as a graceful youth, sweet and sensitive, full of delicate sympathies is nothing but ‘sentimental’ according to Bradley. In the same way, Bradley disagrees to Coleridge’s view that Hamlet has ‘lost himself in the labyrinths of thought’. Bradley proposes that Hamlet delays because of his melancholy. Melancholy is not the usual state of Hamlet’s mind. It is a temporary depression at the sudden loss of his father. And the subsequent incidents will only ‘paralyze him in contempt for everything- the world, the flesh and himself. ’ He justifies it and proceeds further to show how this disgust at life and everything results in longing for death and inexpressible apathy. Hamlet does not understand his own inaction and apathy and curses himself in utter disappointment over his disinclination to take revenge. There is another strong argument claiming that there is no delay in taking revenge. During the presentation of the drama on the stage the spectators never realize Hamlet has delayed his action. The depiction of the inner struggle of the protagonist rather enhances the effect of the drama on the stage. It provides variety and takes the audience along with the hero to different emotional states and keeps them curious until the end. â€Å"This is Shakespeare’s most amusing play† says, Dr. Johnson. The play shows two more characters who want to take revenge of the death of their fathers. They offer a good contrast to Hamlet’s delay. Fortinbras and Laertes are unlike Hamlet. They are effective in their decision to take revenge and are very quick in their action. Shakespeare presents these two characters offering the spectators an opportunity to understand Hamlet in a different way. When the very purpose of the drama is to present the hero in that mode there is no argument regarding his delay in taking revenge. The argument that Hamlet is basically a coward can not be taken valid at all as there are many instances to show against it. He does not run away from the Ghost as cowards do. He does not escape from the challenges especially the duel between him and Laertes. The claim that Hamlet has a physical problem will only undermine his character. If there is a serious physical problem, then he becomes a good example for medical case study, and certainly does not deserve a place in literary criticism. The interpretation that he has a serious mental health problem will not stand given the depth and meaning of Hamlet’s soliloquies. In fact, the crucial point in the play is Hamlet himself feels guilty about his inability in taking timely action. He laments at the delay and attributes that to his lack of tenacity for action. He is on the search to know why he is not able to take revenge immediately. He is at a loss to express what represses him from taking revenge. Freudian school of psychology has interpreted Hamlet’s story from Oedipus complex point of view. Though the argument is persuasive, one can not subscribe to that point. Hamlet continues to be a puzzle and his delay can be interpreted in every possible way. The endless criticism on Hamlet reminds the lines of great Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, who says â€Å"from the words of the poet, men take what meanings please them†. (Tagore) Every interpretation focuses a new aspect of Hamlet. It is worth exploring as it helps readers to have a better understanding of Hamlet’s dilemma.